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Standard Guide for Nondestructive Examination of Thin-Walled Metallic Liners in Filament-Wound Pressure Vessels Used in Aerospace Applications
NORMA vydaná dňa 15.3.2021
Označenie normy: ASTM E2982-21
Dátum vydania normy: 15.3.2021
Kód tovaru: NS-1023005
Počet strán: 29
Približná hmotnosť: 87 g (0.19 libier)
Krajina: Americká technická norma
Kategória: Technické normy ASTM
Tlakové nádoby, plynové lahve
Materiály pro letectví a kosmické dopravní prostředky obecně
Keywords:
acoustic emission (AE), composite overwrapped pressure vessel (COPV), composite pressure vessel, eddy current testing (ET), filament-wound pressure vessel, laser profilometry, leak testing (LT), metallic liner, nondestructive testing (NDT), penetrant testing (PT), pressure vessel, profilometry, radiography, radiographic testing (RT),, ICS Number Code 23.020.30 (Pressure vessels, gas cylinders),49.025.01 (Materials for aerospace construction in general)
Significance and Use | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
4.1?The goal of the NDT is to detect defects that have been implicated in the failure of the COPV metal liner, or have led to leakage, loss of contents, injury, death, or mission, or a combination thereof. Liner defects detected by NDT that require special attention by the cognizant engineering organization include through cracks, part-through cracks, liner buckling, pitting, thinning, and corrosion under the influence of cyclic loading, sustained loading, temperature cycling, mechanical impact and other intended or unintended service conditions. 4.2?The COPVs covered in this guide consist of a metallic liner overwrapped with high-strength fibers embedded in polymeric matrix resin (typically a thermoset). Metallic liners may be spun formed from a deep drawn/extruded monolithic blank or may be fabricated by welding formed components. Designers often seek to minimize the liner thickness in the interest of weight reduction. COPV liner materials used can be aluminum alloys, titanium alloys, nickel-chromium alloys, and stainless steels, impermeable polymer liner such as high density polyethylene, or integrated composite materials. Fiber materials can be carbon, aramid, glass, PBO, metals, or hybrids (two or more types of fiber). Matrix resins include epoxies, cyanate esters, polyurethanes, phenolic resins, polyimides (including bismaleimides), polyamides and other high performance polymers. Common bond line adhesives are generally epoxies (FM-73, West 105, and Epon 862) or urethanes with thicknesses ranging from 0.13 mm (0.005 in.) to 0.38 mm (0.015 in.). Metal liner and composite overwrap materials requirements are found in ANSI/AIAA S-080 and ANSI/AIAA S-081, respectively. Pictures of representative COPVs are shown in Guide E2981. 4.3?The operative failure modes COPV metal liners and metal PVs, in approximate order of likelihood, are: 4.4?Per MIL-HDBK-340, the primary intended function of COPVs as discussed in this guide will be to store pressurized gases and fluids where one or more of the following apply: 4.4.1?Contains stored energy of 19 310 J (14 240 ft-lbf) or greater based on adiabatic expansion of a perfect gas. 4.4.2?Contains a gas or liquid that would endanger personnel or equipment or create a mishap (accident) if released. 4.4.3?Experiences a design limit pressure greater than 690 kPa (100 psi). 4.5?Per NASA-STD-(I)-5019, COPVs should comply with the latest revision of ANSI/AIAA S-081. The following requirements also apply when implementing S-081: 4.5.1?Maximum Design Pressure (MDP) should be substituted for all references to Maximum Expected Operating Pressure (MEOP) in S-081. 4.5.2?COPVs shall have a minimum of 0.999 probability of no stress rupture failure of the composite shell during the service life. 4.6?Application of the NDT procedures discussed in this standard is intended to reduce the likelihood of liner failure, commonly denoted leak before burst (LBB), characterized by leakage and loss of the pressurized commodity, thus mitigating or eliminating the attendant risks associated with loss of the pressurized commodity, and possibly mission. 4.6.1?NDT is done on fracture-critical parts such as COPVs to establish that a low probability of preexisting flaws is present in the hardware. 4.6.2?Per the discretion of the cognizant engineering organization, NDT for fracture control of COPVs should follow additional general and detailed guidance described in MIL-HDBK-6870, NASA-STD-5019, MSFC-RQMT-3479, or ECSS-E-30-01A, or a combination thereof, not covered in this guide. 4.6.3?Hardware that is proof tested as part of its acceptance (that is, not screening for specific flaws) should receive post-proof NDT at critical welds and other critical locations. 4.7?Discontinuity TypesSpecific discontinuity types are associated with the particular processing, fabrication and service history of the COPV. COPV composite overwraps can have a myriad of possible discontinuity types, with varying degrees of importance in terms of effect on performance (see 4.7 in Guide E2981). As for discontinuities in the metallic liner, the primary concern from an NDT perspective is to detect discontinuities that can develop cracks or reduce residual strength of the liner below the levels required, within the context of the life cycle. Therefore, discontinuities should be categorized as follows: 4.7.1?Inherent material discontinuities: inclusions, grain boundaries, etc., detected during 4.7.2?Manufacturing-induced discontinuities: caused by welding, machining, heat treatment, etc., detected during 4.7.3?Service-induced discontinuities: fatigue, corrosion, stress corrosion cracking, wear, accidental damage, etc. detected during 4.8?A conservative damage-tolerance life assessment is made by assuming the existence of a crack-like discontinuity or system of discontinuities, and determining the maximum size or other characteristic of this discontinuity(s) that can exist at the time the vessel is placed into service but not progress to failure under the expected service conditions. This then defines the dimensions or other characteristics of the crack or crack-like discontinuity or system of crack-like discontinuities that should be detected by NDT. 4.9?Acceptance CriteriaDetermination about whether a COPV meets acceptance criteria and is suitable for aerospace service should be made by the cognizant engineering organization. When examinations are performed in accordance with this guide, the engineering drawing, specification, purchase order, or contract should indicate the acceptance criteria. 4.9.1?Accept/reject criteria should consist of a listing of the expected kinds of imperfections and the rejection level for each. 4.9.2?The classification of the articles under test into zones for various accept/reject criteria should be determined from contractual documents. 4.9.3?Rejection of COPVsIf the type, size, or quantities of defects are found to be outside the allowable limits specified by the drawing, purchase order, or contract, the composite article should be separated from acceptable articles, appropriately identified as discrepant, and submitted for material review by the cognizant engineering organization, and given one of the following dispositions; 4.9.4?Acceptance criteria and interpretation of result should be defined in requirements documents prior to performing the examination. Advance agreement should be reached between the purchaser and supplier regarding the interpretation of the results of the examinations. All discontinuities having signals that exceed the rejection level as defined by the process requirements documents should be rejected unless it is determined from the part drawing that the rejectable discontinuities will not remain in the finished part. 4.10?Certification of PVsANSI/AIAA S-080 defines the approach for design, analysis, and certification of metallic PVs. 4.11?Certification of COPVsANSI/AIAA S-081 defines the approach for design, analysis, and certification of COPVs, while ANSI/AIAA S-080 defines the approach for design, analysis, and certification of PVs. More specifically, the PV or COPV thin-walled metal liner should exhibit a leak before burst (LBB) failure mode or shall possess adequate damage tolerance life (safe-life), or both, depending on criticality and whether the application is for a hazardous or nonhazardous fluid. Consequently, the NDT procedure should detect any discontinuity that can cause burst at expected operating conditions during the life of the COPV. The Damage-Tolerance Life requires that any discontinuity present in the liner will not grow to failure during the expected life of the COPV. Fracture mechanics assessment of crack growth is the typical approach used for setting limits on the sizes of discontinuities that can safely exist. This establishes the defect criteria: all discontinuities equal to or larger than the minimum size or have 4.11.1?Design RequirementsCOPV design requirements related to the metallic liner are given in ANSI/AIAA S-080. The key requirement is the stipulation that the PV or COPV thin-walled metal liner should exhibit an LBB failure mode or should possess adequate damage tolerance life (safe-life), or both. The overwrap design should be such that, if the liner develops a leak, the composite will allow the leaking fluid (liquid or gas) to pass through it so that there will be no risk of composite rupture. 4.12?Probability of Detection (POD)Detailed instruction for assessing the reliability of NDT data using POD of a complex structure such as a COPV is beyond the scope of this guide. Therefore, only general guidance is provided. More detailed instruction for assessing the capability of an NDT procedure in terms of the POD as a function of flaw size, FIG. 1?Probability of Detection as a Function of Flaw Size, POD(4.12.1?Given that 4.12.2?NASA-STD-5009 defines typical limits of NDT capability for a wide range of NDT procedures and applications. Given the defect criteria established by the Damage-Tolerance Life requirements and the potential discontinuities to be detected, NASA-STD-5009 can be used to select NDT procedures that are likely to achieve the required examination capability. 4.12.3?Aspect Ratio and Equivalent Area ConsiderationsCurrent standards governing aerospace metallic pressure vessels (ANSI/AIAA S-080) and COPV liners (ANSI/AIAA S-081) require that fracture analysis be performed to determine the CIFS for cracks having an aspect ratio ranging from 0.1 to 0.5. However, there is insufficient data to support the approach of testing at only one aspect ratio and then using an equivalent area approach to extend the results to the required range of aspect ratios 4.12.4?To provide reasonable precision in the estimates of the POD(4.12.5?For purposes of POD studies, the NDT procedure should be classified into one of three categories: 4.12.5.1?Those which produce only qualitative information as to the presence or absence of a flaw, that is, hit/miss data, 4.12.5.2?Those which also provide some quantitative measure of the size of the target (for example, flaw or crack), that is, 4.12.5.3?Those which produce visual images of the target and its surroundings. 4.12.6?Detailed POD GuidanceFor detailed guidance on how to conduct a POD study, including system definition and control, calibration, noise, demonstration design, demonstration tests, data analysis, presentation of results, retesting, and process control plan, consult MIL-HDBK-1823. 4.12.6.1?For detailed guidance on how to conduct a POD study for ET, PT, and UT, consult MIL-HDBK-1823, Appendices A through D, respectively. 4.12.6.2?For detailed test program guidance; specimen design, fabrication, documentation, and maintenance; statistical analysis of NDT data; model-assisted determination of POD; special topics; and related documents, consult MIL-HDBK-1823, Appendices E through J, respectively. 4.13?NDT Data ReliabilityMIL-HDBK-1823 provides nonbinding guidance for estimating the detection capability of NDT procedures for examining either new or in-service hardware for which a measure of NDT reliability is needed. Specific guidance is given in MIL-HDBK-1823 for ET, PT, and UT. MIL-HDBK-1823 may be used for other NDT procedures, such as RT or Profilometry, provided they provide either a quantitative signal, 4.14?Further GuidanceAdditional guidance for fracture control is provided in other governmental documents (NASA-STD-5003, SSP 30558, SSP 52005, NSTS 1700.7B), and non-government documents (NTIAC-DB-97-02, NTIAC-TA-00-01). |
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1. Scope | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1.1?This guide discusses current and potential nondestructive testing (NDT) procedures for finding indications of discontinuities in thin-walled metallic liners in filament-wound pressure vessels, also known as composite overwrapped pressure vessels (COPVs). In general, these vessels have metallic liner thicknesses less than 2.3 mm (0.090 in.), and fiber loadings in the composite overwrap greater than 60 percent by weight. In COPVs, the composite overwrap thickness will be of the order of 2.0 mm (0.080 in.) for smaller vessels, and up to 20 mm (0.80 in.) for larger ones. 1.2?This guide focuses on COPVs with nonload sharing metallic liners used at ambient temperature, which most closely represents a Compressed Gas Association (CGA) Type III metal-lined COPV. However, it also has relevance to 1.3?The vessels covered by this guide are used in aerospace applications; therefore, examination requirements for discontinuities and inspection points will in general be different and more stringent than for vessels used in non-aerospace applications. 1.4?This guide applies to (1) low pressure COPVs and PVs used for storing aerospace media at maximum allowable working pressures (MAWPs) up to 3.5 MPa (500 psia) and volumes up to 2000 L (70 ft3), and (2) high pressure COPVs used for storing compressed gases at MAWPs up to 70 MPa (10 000 psia) and volumes down to 8 L (500 in.3). Internal vacuum storage or exposure is not considered appropriate for any vessel size. Note 1:?Some vessels are evacuated during filling operations,
requiring the tank to withstand external (atmospheric)
pressure.
1.5?The metallic liners under consideration include, but are not limited to, ones made from aluminum alloys, titanium alloys, nickel-based alloys, and stainless steels. In the case of COPVs, the composites through which the NDT interrogation should be made after overwrapping include, but are not limited to, various polymer matrix resins (for example, epoxies, cyanate esters, polyurethanes, phenolic resins, polyimides (including bismaleimides), polyamides) with continuous fiber reinforcement (for example, carbon, aramid, glass, or poly-(phenylenebenzobisoxazole) (PBO)). 1.6?This guide describes the application of established NDT procedures; namely, Acoustic Emission (AE, Section 7), Eddy Current Testing (ET, Section 8), Laser Profilometry (LP, Section 9), Leak Testing (LT, Section 10), Penetrant Testing (PT, Section 11), and Radiographic Testing (RT, Section 12). These procedures can be used by cognizant engineering organizations for detecting and evaluating flaws, defects, and accumulated damage in metallic PVs, the bare metallic liner of COPVs before overwrapping, and the metallic liner of new and in-service COPVs. 1.7?All methods discussed in this guide (AE, ET, LP, LT, PT, and RT) are performed on the metallic liner of COPVs before or after overwrapping and structural cure. The same methods may also be performed on metal PVs. For NDT procedures for detecting discontinuities in the composite overwrap in filament wound pressure vessels; namely, AE, ET, Shearography Testing (ST), RT, Ultrasonic Testing (UT) and Visual Testing (VT); consult Guide E2981. 1.8?Due to difficulties associated with inspecting thin-walled metallic COPV liners through composite overwraps, and the availability of the NDE methods listed in 1.6 to inspect COPV liners before overwrapping and metal PVs, ultrasonic testing (UT) is not addressed in this standard. UT may still be performed as agreed upon between the supplier and customer. Ultrasonic requirements may utilize Practice E2375 as applicable based upon the specific liner application and metal thickness. Alternate ultrasonic inspection methods such as Lamb wave, surface wave, shear wave, reflector plate, etc. may be established and documented per agreed upon contractual requirements. The test requirements should be developed in conjunction with the specific criteria defined by engineering analysis. 1.9?In general, AE and PT are performed on the PV or the bare metallic liner of a COPV before overwrapping (in the case of COPVs, AE is done before overwrapping to minimize interference from the composite overwrap). ET, LT, and RT are performed on the PV, bare metallic liner of a COPV before overwrapping, or on the as-manufactured COPV. LP is performed on the inner and outer surfaces of the PV, or on the inner surface of the COPV liner both before and after overwrapping. Furthermore, AE and RT are well suited for evaluating the weld integrity of welded PVs and COPV liners. 1.10?Wherever possible, the NDT procedures described should be sensitive enough to detect critical flaw sizes of the order of 1.3 mm (0.050 in.) length with a 2:1 aspect ratio. Note 2:?Liners often fail due to improper welding resulting in
initiation and growth of multiple small discontinuities of the
order of 0.050 mm (0.002 in.) length. These will form a macro-flaw
of 1-mm (0.040-in.) length only at higher stress levels.
1.11?For NDT procedures that detect discontinuities in the composite overwrap of filament-wound pressure vessels (namely, AE, ET, shearography, thermography, UT and visual examination), consult Guide E2981. 1.12?In the case of COPVs which are impact damage sensitive and require implementation of a damage control plan, emphasis is placed on NDT procedures that are sensitive to detecting damage in the metallic liner caused by impacts at energy levels which may or may not leave any visible indication on the COPV composite surface. 1.13?This guide does not specify accept/reject criteria (4.10) used in procurement or used as a means for approving PVs or COPVs for service. Any acceptance criteria provided herein are given mainly for purposes of refinement and further elaboration of the procedures described in the guide. Project or original equipment manufacturer (OEM) specific accept/reject criteria should be used when available and take precedence over any acceptance criteria contained in this document. 1.14?This guide references established ASTM test methods that have a foundation of experience and that yield a numerical result, and newer procedures that have yet to be validated which are better categorized as qualitative guidelines and practices. The latter are included to promote research and later elaboration in this guide as methods of the former type. 1.15?To ensure proper use of the referenced standard documents, there are recognized NDT specialists that are certified according to industry and company NDT specifications. It is recommended that an NDT specialist be a part of any thin-walled metallic component design, quality assurance, in-service maintenance, or damage examination. 1.16?UnitsThe values stated in metric units are to be regarded as the standard. The English units given in parentheses are provided for information only. 1.17?This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.18?This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. |
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2. Referenced Documents | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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