ASTM E2567-11

Qualitative measurement of “nodularity” and “nodule count” using visual estimations has been practiced for many years. These methods suffer from poor reproducibility and repeatability. The introduction of computer-aided image analysis enables metallographers to measure and count individual particles of interest in a microstructure with a high degree of precision. This greatly reduces measurement variations compared to visual estimation methods (see, for example, Test Method A247).

This method defines a procedure for measuring the number of nodules and the quality of nodularity of spherulitic graphite in a cast iron microstructure. The specimen’s location in a casting or cast test specimen, and the orientation of the plane-of-polish, are governed by product standards. When a product standard is not defined, choose the test location randomly or at specific systematically chosen depths as needed. The plane-of-polish may be parallel or perpendicular to the solidification direction, or chosen at random, depending upon the needs of the study.

This test method may be used to determine variations within a given test specimen, within a given location in a casting, between different locations in a casting, or for the same location in different castings over time. Results from this test method may be used to qualify material for shipment in accordance with guidelines agreed upon between purchaser and manufacturer or can be used to monitor process quality or product variations.

Measurements are performed using a computer-controlled automatic image analysis system.

A minimum number of specimens and a minimum surface area to be evaluated may be defined by producer-purchaser agreement, provided at least 500 particles meeting the minimum size requirements are measured. (See 5.6 for exceptions covering the minimum numbers of particles.)

The only exception to the 500-particle minimum assessment requirement is for large castings with a smallest cross-sectional dimension; for example being 15 cm. Graphite particles in such castings are very large typically above Test Method A247 size 4 or 160 µm, and nodule counts are low. The error in measuring a large graphite particle is very low. Therefore, when the mean graphite particle MFD is above Test Method A247 size 4 or 160 µm the number of particles required for a measurement may be reduced to 100 particles. However, the particles measured must still meet the minimum size requirement.

1.1 This test method is used to determine the percent nodularity and the nodule count per unit area (that is, number of nodules per mm²) using a light microscopical image of graphite in nodular cast iron. Images generated by other devices, such as a scanning electron microscope, are not specifically addressed, but can be utilized if the system is calibrated in both x and y directions.

1.2 Measurement of secondary or temper carbon in other types of cast iron, for example, malleable cast iron or in graphitic tool steels, is not specifically included in this standard because of the different graphite shapes and sizes inherent to such grades

1.3 This standard deals only with the recommended test method and nothing in it should be construed as defining or establishing limits of acceptability or fitness for purpose of the material tested.

1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.

1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.