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ASTM E2455-22
Standard Guide for Conducting Laboratory Toxicity Tests with Freshwater Mussels
NORMA vydaná dňa 1.4.2022
Informácie o norme:
Označenie normy: ASTM E2455-22
Poznámka: NEPLATNÁ
Dátum vydania normy: 1.4.2022
Kód tovaru: NS-1064848
Počet strán: 45
Približná hmotnosť: 135 g (0.30 libier)
Krajina: Americká technická norma
Kategória: Technické normy ASTM
Anotácia textu normy ASTM E2455-22 :
Keywords:
acute toxicity test, bivalve, chronic toxicity test, freshwater, glochidia, juvenile mussels, Margaritiferidae, Margaritiferid mussels, mollusc, mollusk, mussels, short-term chronic toxicity test, Unionidae, Unionid mussels, Unionoidea,, ICS Number Code 67.120.30 (Fish and fishery products)
Doplňujúce informácie
| Significance and Use | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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5.1Protection of a species requires prevention of unacceptable effects on the number, weight, health, and uses of the individuals of that species. Toxicity tests can be used provide information about the toxicity of a test material to a specific life stage of a particular species of mussel. The primary adverse effects studied are reduced survival or growth. 5.2Results of toxicity tests might be used to predict effects likely to occur on mussels in field situations as a result of an exposure under comparable conditions. 5.3Results of toxicity tests might be used to compare the sensitivities of different mussel species and the toxicity of different test materials, and to study the effects of various environmental factors on results of such tests. 5.4Results of toxicity tests conducted with mussels might be an important consideration when assessing the risks of test materials to aquatic organisms or when deriving environmental guideline values for toxicants. 5.5An acute toxicity test is conducted to obtain information concerning the immediate effects on mussels of a short exposure to a test material under specific experimental conditions. An acute toxicity test does not provide information about whether delayed effects will occur, although a post-exposure observation period, with appropriate feeding, if necessary, might provide such information (Guide E729). 5.6Results of chronic (at least 28 d) toxicity tests with mussels might be used to predict chronic or partial chronic effects on species in field situations as a result of exposure under comparable conditions. 5.7Short-term chronic toxicity tests are conducted for 7 d, a complementary test duration in the USEPA shot-term methods for estimating the chronic toxicity of effluents and receiving waters to fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas; USEPA 2002) 5.8Results of toxicity tests might be useful for studying the biological availability of, and structure-activity relationships between, test materials. 5.9Results of toxicity tests will depend on temperature, composition of the dilution water, condition of the test organisms, and other factors. 5.10InterferencesA number of factors can impede or prevent selection and use of freshwater mussels for toxicity testing (Guide E1850). The following should be considered when selecting a test species and measuring the sensitivity of the test species during toxicity tests. 5.10.1Handling of field-collected adult mussels resulting from collection or transport to the laboratory might cause excessive mortality or sublethal effects. 5.10.2The age, health, and physical condition of adult mussels (for example, the presence of parasites, bacteria, and disease) collected from a resident population might not be adequately known. 5.10.3The physical characteristics of the testing environment (such as water quality, temperature, water flow, light) and food requirements might affect the ability of the test organisms to acclimate, recover from handling, or adapt to the laboratory environment conditions. 5.10.4The degree of contamination and the history of contamination at the collection of the adult mussels might not be adequately known. 5.10.5In the field, mussels may be exposed to contaminants in water, sediment, or food. This standard only addresses effects associated with exposure of mussels to contaminants in water. Methods for conducting sediment toxicity tests with juvenile mussels are included in Guide E1706. 5.10.6There are insufficient data available to determine if juvenile mussels are able to avoid exposure to chemicals by valve closure. If it is suspected that juvenile mussels are avoiding exposure to a chemical in a toxicity test, it may be desirable to place the suspected live test organisms into dilution water that does not contain any added test material for 1 d to 2 d after the end of the toxicity test to determine whether these test organisms are alive or dead (section A1.4.7; Guide E729). |
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| 1. Scope | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1.1This standard guide describes methods for conducting laboratory toxicity tests with early life stages of freshwater mussels including glochidia and juvenile mussels in water-only and effluent exposures (Annex A1). Future revisions to this standard may describe methods for conducting toxicity tests with endpoints of reproduction, behaviors, and biomarkers. 1.2Freshwater mussels (order Unionida) are one of the most imperiled groups of animals in the world, and environmental contamination has been linked as a contributing factor to the decline of mussel populations (Lydeard et al. 2004 1.3Summary of Life History of Freshwater Mussels: 1.3.1Freshwater mussels are bivalve mollusks belonging to the taxonomic Order Unionida (section 10.1). Like most bivalves, mussels are totally aquatic, relatively sedentary, filter-feeding animals, and spend most of their lives partially or completely burrowed in the substrate of streams, rivers, or lakes. Freshwater mussels have an unusual and complex life cycle that includes a larval stage, the glochidium, that is briefly parasitic on fish (Fig. 1). 1.6The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.7This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.8This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. |
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| 2. Referenced Documents | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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