ASTM F1337-10
ASTM F1547-09
ASTM F1756-97a(2008)..
ASTM F1808-03(2013)..
ASTM F1878-98(2009)..
ASTM F2016-00(2012)..
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ASTM F1166-07(2013)
Standard Practice for Human Engineering Design for Marine Systems, Equipment, and Facilities
Automaticky preložený názov:
Štandardné praktiky pre ľudské Engineering Design pre Morské systémy, zariadenia a zariadenia
NORMA vydaná dňa 1.10.2013
Informácie o norme:
Označenie normy: ASTM F1166-07(2013)
Poznámka: NEPLATNÁ
Dátum vydania normy: 1.10.2013
Kód tovaru: NS-49364
Počet strán: 227
Približná hmotnosť: 712 g (1.57 libier)
Krajina: Americká technická norma
Kategória: Technické normy ASTM
Kategórie - podobné normy:
Anotácia textu normy ASTM F1166-07(2013) :
Keywords:
anthropometrics, ergonomics, human engineering (HE), human factors engineering (HFE), human systems integration (HSI), ICS Number Code 47.020.01 (General standards related to shipbuilding and marine structures)
Doplňujúce informácie
| Significance and Use | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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4.1 The objective of this practice is to provide ergonomic design criteria for maritime vessels and structures to ensure that maritime systems and equipment are designed in compliance with requirements for human performance, human workload, health and safety, survivability, and habitability. 4.2 Principles of Human Behavior: 4.2.1 There are basic principles of human behavior that control or influence how each person performs in their workplace. Some of these behaviors are culturally derived, while others are general and uniform across all cultures and geographical regions of the world. These behaviors influence a person's physical, social, and psychological approach toward the work they do and how safely they do that work. Failure to satisfy these behavioral principles in the design of a ship or maritime structure can encourage, or even coerce, maritime personnel into taking unsafe risks in their everyday activities. It is, therefore, imperative that designers of ships and maritime equipment, systems, and facilities know these principles to provide a safe and efficient workplace for maritime personnel. 4.2.2 These principles include: 4.2.2.1 If the design of the ship or maritime facility is considered to be unsafe or inefficient by the crew, it will be modified by the users, often solving the initial problem but introducing others that may be as bad, or worse, than the original. 4.2.2.2 Equipment design shall be such that it encourages safe use, that is, does not provide hardware and software that can be used in an unsafe manner. 4.2.2.3 If the equipment or system is not designed to operate as the users' cultural and stereotypical expectations lead them to think that it will operate, the chance for human error is significantly increased. 4.2.2.4 If equipment or systems are perceived by operators/maintainers to be too complex or require more effort to operate or maintain than they believe is necessary, they will always look for a “shortcut.” Further, this “shortcut” may be perceived as being safe when it is not. 4.2.2.5 No amount of training, company or organizational policy, threats of retaliatory action, warning notes in a technical manual or training guide, or pleading with personnel to be safe on the job can overcome poor design that encourages, leads, or even coerces personnel into unsafe acts on the job. The most efficient way to prevent unsafe design from contributing to an accident is to eliminate the unsafe design. 4.2.2.6 Equipment users tend to be very unimaginative when it comes to identifying unsafe features and they do not visualize the consequences of unsafe acts. Therefore, do not expect that an “obviously dangerous” task will always be recognized as such by every user. 4.2.2.7 Designers shall consider the possibility for human error and design equipment so that incorrect use (deliberate or accidental) will result in little or no harm to the user. 4.2.2.8 Equipment operators and maintainers tend to make guesses as to what a label, instruction, or operational chart states if it is not complete, legible, readable, and positioned correctly. 4.2.2.9 Designers and engineers shall never use themselves as the standard against which a particular design is evaluated. People come in many shapes, sizes, mental capacities, and capabilities. Therefore, design for the full range of potential users, physically, mentally, and socially. 4.2.2.10 People shall be protected against themselves. Designers cannot create an unsafe piece of equipment or system and expect the users to assume full responsibility for its safe use. 4.2.2.11 Ease of equipment maintenance affects the equipment's reliability, that is, the harder it is to be maintained, the less it will be maintained. 4.2.2.12 Equipment designed to require multiple operators working together simultaneously increases the likelihood of operator errors. 4.2.2.13 Operational/maintenance procedures shall be clear, definitive, and comprehensive, otherwise, they will be misinterpreted or ignored. 4.2.2.14 Structural items such as piping, cable trays, or any other item that appears strong enough to be used by a person to hold onto or stand on, and is placed in a convenient location to use for that purpose, will eventually be used for that purpose. 4.2.2.15 Humans expect consistency in the design and arrangement of their workplace. Therefore, if that workplace, or any part thereof, appears in more than one place in their work environment, it is expected to be located and look the same way at every location. 4.2.2.16 When controls and displays associated with particular pieces of equipment are placed on a console or control panel, they shall be located on that console or panel to replicate the actual location of the equipment on the ship or structure as both are viewed by the operator. Therefore, equipment that is to the operator's left as he/she faces the control station shall appear on the left of the control panel or console, and equipment to the right shall appear on the right side of the console or panel. This “spatial relationship” between the real world and the controls and displays that are associated with the equipments and systems of that world is extremely important in the design of ships and maritime structures. 4.2.3 Humans develop behavioral patterns based on their cultural experiences. Designing a ship or structure that ignores or violate those culturally derived behavior patterns will inevitably lead to human error. 4.3 Conflicts—Where conflicts exist between the design criteria contained in this practice and other sources of ergonomic design criteria, this practice should prevail except where the conflicting criteria were produced by a regulatory authority 4.4 Coverage—The design of vessels, structures, systems, subsystems, and equipment shall use the design criteria contained herein to provide the following: 4.4.1 Safe atmospheric conditions including temperature and humidity; 4.4.2 Limits on acoustic noise and vibration that will prevent performance degradation and physiological damage; 4.4.3 Space for personnel, their equipment, and free volume for the movements and activities they are required to perform for operational and maintenance tasks under both normal and emergency conditions; 4.4.4 Physical, visual, auditory, and other communication links between individual personnel and between personnel and their equipment under both normal and emergency conditions; 4.4.5 Efficient arrangement of operation and maintenance workplaces, equipment, structural elements, controls, and displays; 4.4.6 Natural or artificial illumination at levels suitable to perform all operational and maintenance tasks under both normal and emergency conditions; 4.4.7 Safe passageways, hatches, stairs, ladders, walkways, platforms, ramps, and other provisions for ingress, egress, and passage under both normal and emergency conditions; 4.4.8 Provision for protective equipment and clothing, systems, equipments, vessels, and structures that are designed to be operated and maintained by personnel wearing the equipment and clothing; 4.4.9 Compatibility of control/display interfaces with human information processing capability; 4.4.10 Immediate, accurate, and pertinent feedback to the operator of equipment or system performance after each control movement or action taken by the operator; 4.4.11 Designs that satisfy human behavioral needs such as spatial relationships, consistency, homeostasis, and cultural and equipment expectations; 4.4.12 Provision for labels, hazard signage, instructions, and procedures that are clear, concise, and understandable; 4.4.13 Provision for fail-safe designs in those areas in which failure can disable a vital system or cause catastrophic damage to equipment, injury to personnel, or loss of mission capability; 4.4.14 Designs that minimize potential human error incidence in the operation and maintenance of the system, particularly under conditions of stress and designs that ensure that errors, having been committed, can be corrected in time (the design is error tolerant); 4.4.15 Designs that minimize training time and costs and encourage simplicity so as to reduce personnel special skills or innate abilities required to operate or maintain them; 4.4.16 Designs that minimize the adverse impact of ship motion on human performance and health and safety; and 4.4.17 Designs that provide for safe and efficient operation and maintenance by user populations from all geographical regions of the maritime world. 4.5 Standardization—Controls, displays, markings, coding, labeling, and arrangement schemes for equipment and panel layouts shall be uniform for those items or designs that appear more than once on the vessel or structure. Human-machine interfaces shall exhibit common design approaches based on conventions and conformance to operator and maintainer expectations. 4.6 Off-the-Shelf Equipment—One criterion for selecting off-the-shelf commercial or government-furnished equipment should be the degree to which the equipment conforms to the design criteria of this practice. Where off-the-shelf equipment requires modification to interface with other equipment, the modification should be designed to comply with this practice. 4.7 Minimize Personnel—The design objective of the vessel or structure, equipments, systems, and subsystems shall be to reduce the number of personnel involved, especially simultaneously, in completing a particular task. Another design objective shall be to optimize ship or system manning, defined as the minimum number of personnel consistent with human performance, workload and safety requirements, reliability, affordability, and risk constraints. 4.8 Completeness—It is realized that no design guide or practice can cover every design requirement that might occur through the course of a ship or maritime structure's evolution. It is recognized that there will be occurrences in which a particular design requirement may have to be interpreted from the data that do exist. There may also be occasions in which design criteria may have to be acquired from a source other than this practice. When those occurrences arise, it is important that assistance be provided by trained human factors engineering (HFE) professionals familiar with this, and other, maritime-oriented design guidelines and standards and experienced in the application of these guidelines to the design of ships and maritime structures. |
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1.1 This practice provides ergonomic design criteria from a human-machine perspective for the design and construction of maritime vessels and structures and for equipments, systems, and subsystems contained therein, including vendor-purchased hardware and software. 1.1.1 The focus of these design criteria is on the design and evaluation of human-machine interfaces, including the interfaces between humans on the one side and controls and displays, physical environments, structures, consoles, panels and workstations, layout and arrangement of ship spaces, maintenance workplaces, labels and signage, alarms, computer screens, material handling, valves, and other specific equipments on the other. 1.2 The criteria contained within this practice shall be applied to the design and construction of all hardware and software within a ship or maritime structure that the human crew members come in contact in any manner for operation, habitability, and maintenance purposes. 1.3 Unless otherwise stated in specific provisions of a ship or maritime structure design contract or specification, this practice is to be used to design maritime vessels, structures, equipment, systems, and subsystems to fit the full potential user population range of 5th % females to 95th % males. 1.4 This practice is divided into the following sections and subsections:
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. |
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| 2. Referenced Documents | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Podobné normy:
Historická
1.3.2010
Historická
1.5.2009
Historická
1.5.2008
Historická
1.10.2013
Historická
1.11.2009
Historická
1.5.2012
Doporučujeme:
